THE RESPONSE OF FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FUJIANG DRAINGE BASIN TO ACTIVITY OF THE HUYA FAULT ZONE     

LIANG Ou-bo  REN Jun-jie  L&#  Yan-wu 《地震地质》2018,40(1):42-56

The Huya Fault, located in the steep topographic boundary of the Minshan Mountains in the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau, has documented many major earthquakes such as the 1630(M=6 3/4), 1973 Huanglong(M_S=6.5) and the 1976 Songpan-Pingwu earthquake swarm(M_S=7.2, 6.7, 7.2). While its activity remains unclear because of lacking Quaternary sediments. In the past few decades, there have been significant advances in understanding the relationship between bedrock channel landscapes and active tectonics, indicating that the bedrock fluvial features can well record the tectonic activity. Many studies reveal that tectonism is the primary factor of landscape evolution in tectonically active regions, and the erosional landscapes can be used to reveal tectonic signals on timescales of 10³~10⁶ years. The Huya Fault crosses the Fujiang drainage basin, making it suitable for the study of bedrock rivers and tectonic uplift in the eastern margin of Minshan. In this study, we calculate the geomorphologic indeices(hillslope, local relief, normalized steepness indices and hypsometric integral) on the basis of the digital elevation model(DEM) SRTM-1. For better understanding the tectonic activity along this fault, we derive some small catchments on the two sides of the Huya fault to analyze the differences of average steepness indices and hypsometric integral. Combining with field observations, lithology, precipitation and modern erosion rates, this study suggests that tectonic activity is the controlling factor of geomorphology in the eastern margin of the Minshan Mountains. We use focal mechanism solutions, GPS data and geomorphic evidence to explore the relationship between the geomorphologic indices of the Fujiang drainage and activity characteristics of the Huya fault. Our results suggest that:(1) The Fujiang drainage basin is in a steady state. The characteristics of the knickpoints indicate that they are mainly controlled by the locally resistant substrate. (2) The suggested value of the geomorphologic index on the west side of the Huya fault is generally larger than on the east side, showing differential tectonic uplift rates across the fault. (3) The difference of the geomorphologic index of the small catchments on both sides of the Huya fault is gradually increasing from north to south along this fault, in accordance with that the north and south segments of the Huya fault are dominated by strike-and reverse-slip, respectively.  相似文献   

Pricing Weather Derivatives Index based on Temperature: The Case of Bahir Dar,Ethiopia     

Tesfahun BERHANE  Aemiro SHIBABAW  Gurju AWGICHEW 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2019,10(4):415-423

In this paper we present a stochastic model for daily average temperature to calculate the temperature indices upon which temperature-based derivatives are written. We propose a seasonal mean and volatility model that describes the daily average temperature behavior using the mean-reverting Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. We also use higher order continuous-time autoregressive process with lag 3 for modeling the time evolution of the temperatures after removing trend and seasonality. Our model is fitted to 11 years of data recorded, in the period 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2015, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, obtained from Ethiopia National Meteorological Services Agency. The analytical approximation formulas are used to price heating degree days (HDD) and cooling degree days (CDD) futures. The suggested model is analytically tractable for derivation of explicit prices for CDD and HDD futures and option. The price of the CDD future is calculated, using analytical approximation formulas. Numerical examples are presented to indicate the accuracy of the method. The results show that our model performs better to predict CDD indices.  相似文献   

A new standardized Palmer drought index for hydro‐meteorological use          下载免费PDF全文

Mingwei Ma  Liliang Ren  Fei Yuan  Shanhu Jiang  Yi Liu  Hao Kong  Luyan Gong 《水文研究》2014,28(23):5645-5661

Accepting the concept of standardization introduced by the standardized precipitation index, similar methodologies have been developed to construct some other standardized drought indices such as the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI). In this study, the authors provided deep insight into the SPEI and recognized potential deficiencies/limitations in relating to the climatic water balance it used. By coupling another well‐known Palmer drought severity index (PDSI), we proposed a new standardized Palmer drought index (SPDI) through a moisture departure probabilistic approach, which allows multi‐scalar calculation for accurate temporal and spatial comparison of the hydro‐meteorological conditions of different locations. Using datasets of monthly precipitation, temperature and soil available water capacity, the moisture deficit/surplus was calculated at multiple temporal scales, and a couple of techniques were adopted to adjust corresponding time series to a generalized extreme value distribution out of several candidates. Results of the historical records (1900–2012) for diverse climates by multiple indices showed that the SPDI was highly consistent and correlated with the SPEI and self‐calibrated PDSI at most analysed time scales. Furthermore, a simple experiment of hypothetical temperature and/or precipitation change scenarios also verified the effectiveness of this newly derived SPDI in response to climate change impacts. Being more robust and preferable in spatial consistency and comparability as well as combining the simplicity of calculation with sufficient accounting of the physical nature of water supply and demand relating to droughts, the SPDI is promising to serve as a competent reference and an alternative for drought assessment and monitoring. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

北京怀柔云蒙山地区花岗岩风化过程的地球化学基因     

王旭阳  姚宁  龚庆杰  晁岳德  彭程  吴媛 《地学前缘》2021,28(1):363-374

地球化学基因是近两年提出的一种新的地球化学示踪技术,本文选择北京怀柔云蒙山地区两个邻近的花岗岩风化剖面(编号为B和C)来分析岩性地球化学基因和金矿化地球化学基因的属性特征。剖面B样品的化学蚀变指数CIA变化为51.3~58.9,WIG的范围为89.4~68.6,属于初始风化程度;剖面C样品的CIA变化为52.4~78.4,WIG的范围为84.8~25.3,属于中等风化程度。这种邻近剖面风化程度的明显差异表明微环境对岩石风化产物的影响是显著的。相对于剖面底部新鲜花岗岩而言,岩性地球化学基因相似度在剖面B和C中的范围分别为85%~100%和90%~100%,金矿化地球化学基因相似度范围分别为85%~100%和80%~100%。当相对于剖面顶部土壤样品时,岩性地球化学基因相似度在剖面B和C中的范围分别为80%~100%和90%~100%,金矿化地球化学基因相似度范围分别为85%~100%和80%~100%。依据≥80%的基因相似度标准(区分基因是否相似),尽管两个剖面在风化程度上存在明显差异,但岩性地球化学基因和金矿化地球化学基因在两个剖面内部均表现出良好的遗传性和继承性,且在两个剖面之间体现出同源风化产物之间具有良好的相似性。相对于理想金矿石(其金矿化基因为12020202020)而言,金矿化相似度在剖面B和C中的范围分别为25%~50%和30%~50%。依据≥40%的金矿化相似度(即样品与理想金矿石的金矿化相似度)作为存在金矿化异常的标准,在两个剖面中均可识别出厚度约1 m左右的矿化异常层位。因此,金矿化基因除了具有地球化学基因的属性(遗传性、继承性、相似性)外,其金矿化相似度(即相对于理想金矿石的相似度)也有可能作为金矿勘查中的一个地球化学综合指标。  相似文献   

疏勒河流域极端水文事件对极端气候的响应     

程玉菲  程文举  胡想全  金彦兆 《高原气象》2019,38(3):583-592

为了明确疏勒河流域极端水文事件对极端气候事件的响应关系,选取疏勒河流域内及其周边的托勒、敦煌、瓜州、玉门、酒泉、马鬃山等气象站点的气温、降水和蒸发的日值数据,昌马堡水文站的日径流数据,通过趋势分析、滑动平均、主成分分析等方法,分析疏勒河流域极端气候指数、极端水文事件的年际变化规律以及影响极端水文事件的因素,并明确该流域极端洪水年内分布特征。结果表明:疏勒河流域年际气温升高趋势明显,降水量呈波动变化,增加趋势不明显,而蒸发量呈下降的变化趋势。表征高温的极端气温指数呈显著上升趋势,表征低温的极端气温指数呈显著下降趋势,说明疏勒河流域气温增幅明显。极端降水指数呈显著的增加趋势。该流域极端洪水事件和频次呈上升趋势,而极端枯水事件和频次呈下降趋势。极端洪水事件主要受控于极端降水事件,特别是极端降水总量,极端高温事件对极端洪水总量的增加也有影响,而极端枯水事件主要受控于极端低温事件。此外,2000-2016年年最大洪峰流量出现的时间有由8月向7月转变的趋势。  相似文献   

江淮流域极端降水时空变化特征:站点观测和再分析的对比          下载免费PDF全文

吴晶璐  惠品宏  刘建勇  汤剑平 《大气科学学报》2019,42(2):207-220

利用淮河流域1979—2011年260个站点观测、ERA-Interim和NCEP/DOE再分析资料的日降水量数据,选用8个极端降水指数,从空间分布、发展趋势、时间变化等方面对比分析了我国江淮流域极端降水的变化规律,研究了再分析数据的适用性,结果表明:1)持续湿润指数(CWD)、强降水日数(R10mm,R20mm)以及百分位指数(R95p,R99p)具有一致的北少南多的分布特征,而持续干燥指数(CDD)为北多南少,且强度指数(Rx1day,Rx5day)和百分位指数在浙江沿海均有极大值存在。2)大部分地区的强降水日数呈减少趋势,仅在江淮周边地区有弱上升趋势。3)区域平均的降水强度指数具有上升的趋势变化,逐月变化具有先增长后减少的结构特征,5—6月的增长量最大,峰值出现在7月,在夏末、冬季有较明显的随年代增加的趋势,在秋季则随年代减少。4)再分析资料ERA-Interim和NCEP/DOE对不同指数的再现能力有所不同,ERA-Interim对强降水日数(R10mm)、CDD、百分位指数的空间分布以及CDD的变化趋势再现能力较好,与强度指数和百分位指数年际变化的相关性较高,但对CWD变化趋势分布特点的再现能力较弱;NCEP/DOE更善于再现较强降水日数(R20mm)的空间分布以及强度指数和百分位指数的线性变化趋势。5)两种再分析资料能合理地再现强降水日数(R10mm,R20mm)和CDD年际变化特征和强度指数的季节变化特征。  相似文献   

喀斯特石漠化信息遥感提取的不确定性   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

岳跃民  王克林  张兵  刘波  陈洪松  张明阳 《地球科学进展》2011,26(3):266-274

我国西南喀斯特地区以石漠化为特征的生态环境退化严重,遥感是快速、大面积石漠化定性评价、关健指标定量提取必不可少的手段.在简述喀斯特生态地质背景复杂性的基础上,系统分析了目前喀斯特石澳化信息遥感提取在遥感数据源、提取方法、、精度验证、不确定性源等方面的问题,并提出未来石漠化遥感监测的重点研究内容.  相似文献   

中国西北地区石羊河流域农业生态系统能值评价   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘丽娟  李小玉  何兴元  肖笃宁  陈伟 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2011,(3):232-240

通过能值方法分析了石羊河流域农业生态系统的资源环境基础和经济特征。结果表明,石羊河流域中下游凉州区和民勤绿洲的能值总投入呈降低趋势,能值投资率都偏高,生产成本较大;能值产出率低,对购买能值的利用效率不高;但能值自给率有所提高;环境载荷率高,农业生态环境所受压力较大,系统可持续发展指标表明两个绿洲经济系统极为不发达,属于消费型经济系统,并且人均可用能值和能值密度都呈降低趋势。  相似文献   

基于遥感影像的大郑东新区景观格局现状分析     

冯峰  马蓓蓓  杨燕丽  益建芳 《测绘与空间地理信息》2011,34(1):162-165

研究基于RS和GIS技术,以研究区的土地利用现状图和2009年3月5号SPOT 5卫星的10 m多光谱遥感影像数据为主要数据源,结合研究区近年来的社会经济资料和实地调查记录,在深入分析研究区景观生态格局时空演变特征的基础上,以ENVI4. 5和Fragstats 3. 3软件作为支持工具,从具体的景观生态空间,提取能够...  相似文献   

Evaluating the relationship between biomass,percent groundcover and remote sensing indices across six winter cover crop fields in Maryland,United States     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2015

Winter cover crops are an essential part of managing nutrient and sediment losses from agricultural lands. Cover crops lessen sedimentation by reducing erosion, and the accumulation of nitrogen in aboveground biomass results in reduced nutrient runoff. Winter cover crops are planted in the fall and are usually terminated in early spring, making them susceptible to senescence, frost burn, and leaf yellowing due to wintertime conditions. This study sought to determine to what extent remote sensing indices are capable of accurately estimating the percent groundcover and biomass of winter cover crops, and to analyze under what critical ranges these relationships are strong and under which conditions they break down. Cover crop growth on six fields planted to barley, rye, ryegrass, triticale or wheat was measured over the 2012–2013 winter growing season. Data collection included spectral reflectance measurements, aboveground biomass, and percent groundcover. Ten vegetation indices were evaluated using surface reflectance data from a 16-band CROPSCAN sensor. Restricting analysis to sampling dates before the onset of prolonged freezing temperatures and leaf yellowing resulted in increased estimation accuracy. There was a strong relationship between the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and percent groundcover (r² = 0.93) suggesting that date restrictions effectively eliminate yellowing vegetation from analysis. The triangular vegetation index (TVI) was most accurate in estimating high ranges of biomass (r² = 0.86), while NDVI did not experience a clustering of values in the low and medium biomass ranges but saturated in the higher range (>1500 kg/ha). The results of this study show that accounting for index saturation, senescence, and frost burn on leaves can greatly increase the accuracy of estimates of percent groundcover and biomass for winter cover crops.  相似文献